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Illusion - Is Seeing Really Believing?
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Illusion - Is Seeing Really Believing (1998)(Marshall Media)[Mac-PC].iso
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00234_Field_frep132.txt
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1996-12-30
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The most convincing
evidence came from newborn
monkeys. The day after it is
born, a macaque monkey is
visually remarkably mature:
unlike a newborn cat or
human, it looks, follows
objects, and takes a keen
interest in its surroundings.
Consistent with this behavior,
the cells in the neonate
monkey's primary visual cortex
seemed about as sharply
orientation-tuned as in the
adult. The cells even showed
precise, orderly sequences of
orientation shifts (see the
graph to the left). We did see
differences between newborn
and adult animals, but the
system of receptive-field
orientation, the hallmark of
striate cortical function,
seemed to be well organized.
Compared with that of the
newborn cat or human, the
newborn macaque monkey's
visual system may be mature,
but it certainly differs
anatomically from the visual
system of the adult monkey. A
Nissl-stained section of cortex
looks different: the layers are
thinner and the cells packed
closer. As Simon LeVay first
observed, even the total area of
the striate cortex expands by
about 30 percent between birth
and adulthood. If we stain the
cortex by the Golgi method or
examine it under an electron
microscope, the differences are
even more obvious: cells
typically have a sparser
dendritic tree and fewer
synapses. Given these
differences, we would be
surprised if the cortex at birth
behaved exactly as it does in an
adult. On the other hand,
dendrites and synapses are still
sparser and fewer a month
before birth. The nature-
nurture question is whether
postnatal development depends
on experience or goes on even
after birth according to a built-
in program. We still are not sure
of the answer, but from the
relative normality of responses
at birth, we can conclude that
the unresponsiveness of
cortical cells after deprivation
was mainly due to a
deterioration of connections
that had been present at birth,
not to a failure to form because
of lack of experience.
The second major question
had to do with the cause of this
deterioration. At first glance,
the answer seemed almost
obvious. We supposed that the
deterioration came about
through disuse, just as leg
muscles atrophy if the knee or
ankle is immobilized in a cast.
The geniculate-cell shrinkage
was presumably closely related
to postsynaptic atrophy, the
cell shrinkage seen in the
lateral geniculates of adult
animals or humans after an eye
is removed. It turned out that
these assumptions were wrong.
The assumptions had seemed so
self-evident that I'm not sure
we ever would have thought of
designing an experiment to test
them. We were forced to change
our minds only because we did
what seemed to us at the time
an unnecessary experiment,
for reasons that I forget.